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Wednesday 2 January 2019

WORD FORMATION | Pembentukan Kata



WORD FORMATION ( Pembentukan Kata )



WORD FORMATION | Pembentukan Kata


                Bahasa Inggris, seperti bahasa – bahasa lain (Arab, Indonesia dan lain – lain) mempunyai banyak sekali kosa kata yang dibentuk dari sebuah kata tertentu atau merupakan penggabungan dari dua kata atau lebih. Proses seperti ini dinamakan pembentukan kata (word formation).

Beberapa Aturan Umum dalam Pembentukan Kata
Dengan Cara Penggabungan (Compound)
1. Noun Compounds
                1.1  Subject and Verb Compounds
         SUNRISE
Subject  +   deverbal noun
the sun rises
Very productive type
bee – sting
catcall
daybreak
earth quake
frostbite
headache
heartbeat
landslide
nightfall
rainfall
sound change
tootache, etc.
     RATTLENSNAKE
Verb   +   subject
the snake rattles
Only weakly productive type
crybaby
driftwood
drip coffe
flashlight
glowworm
hangman
playboy
popcorn
stinkweed
tugboat
turntable
watchdog, etc.
      DANCING GIRL
Verb  noun in-ing  +  subject
the girl dances
cleaning woman
firing squad
flying machine
investigating committe
wading bird
washing machine
working party, etc.

                1.2  Verb and Object  Compounds
       BLOODTEST
Object  +  deverbal  noun
~X tes’s blood
the testing of blood ;
suicide attempt
an attempt at suicide
Moderately productive type.
Self is a frequent first element.
count nouns
book review
crime report
haircut
handshake
suicide attempt
tax cut, etc.
(primarily)
mass nouns
birth – control
dress – deisgn
meat delivery
office management
steel production
self-control
self-destruction
self-determination, etc.
         SIGHTSEEING
(of App 1.54, man-eating)
~ X object + agential noun in-er
sees sight
the seeing of sights
(Number is neutralized in the compound.)
This type is very productive. It consists of abstract compounds refering to human activity town-planing, etc.
air conditioning
book-reviewing
book-keeping
brainwashing
dressmaking
faultfinding
housekeeping
letter-writing
oath-taking
story-telling
       TAXPAYER
Object + agential noun in-er
~ X pays tax (es)
Very productive type,wich designates concrete (usually human) agents.
Note however diswasher, lawn-mower, penholder, record-player.
   Neutralization of number is normal, of : cigar smoker.
X smokes cigars, etc.
cigar smoker
computer-designer
crime reporter
gamekeeper
gate-crasher
hair-splitter
languange teacher
matchmaker
radio-operator
songwriter
stokholder
window-cleaner, etc.
     CALL GIRL
Verb  +  object
X calls the girl
(-the girls on call)
drawbridge
knitwear
mincemeat
pin-up girl
punchcard
push-button
scarecrow
treadmill, etc
     CHEWING GUM
Verbal noun in-ing  +  adverbial
~ X chews gum
~ gum for chewing
cooking apple
drinking-water
eating apple
reading material
spending money, etc

                1.3  Verb and Adverbial  Compounds
      SWIMMING POOL
Verbal noun in-ing  +  adverbial
      (consisting of a prepositional phrase)
~ X swims in  the pool
~ a pool for swmimming
A very productive type.
PLACE
diving board (dive from a board)
drinking cup (drink out of a cup)
freezing point (freeze at a point)
frying pan (Bre: fry in a pan)
hiding-place (hide in a place)
living room (live in a room)
typing paper (type on paper)
waiting room (wait in a room)
writing desk (write at a desk)

OTHER
adding machine (add with a machine)
 baking powder (bake with powder)
carving knife (carve with a knife)
sewing machine (sew with a machine)
walking stick (walk with a stick)
washing machine (wash with  machine), etc.
    DAYDREAMING
Adverbial  +  abstract verbal noun
in-ing
- X dreams
- dreaming
PLACE
churchgoing (go to church)
horse riding (ride on a horse)
rope-dancing (dance on a rope)
sun-bathing (bathe in the sun)

TIME
Sleepwalking (walk in one’s sleep)

OTHER
fly-fishing (fish with a fly)
handwriting (write by  hand)
shadow-boxing (box against a shadow), etc.
BABY-SITTER
Adverbial  +  agential noun in –er
X sits with the baby
Moderately productive type
PLACE
blackswimmer (swim on the black)
city-dweller (dwell in the city)
factory-worker (work  in a factory)
housebreaker (break into a house)
playgoer (go to a play)
rope-dancer (dance on a rope)
sun-bather (bathe in the sun)
theatre-goer (go to the theatre)

TIME
daydreamer (dream during the day), etc.
HOMEWROK
Adverbial  +  deverbal noun
~ X works at home
Moderately productive type.
Most examples are countables :
   boat-rides, etc. Compare gunfight here with gunfighting, which is of the daydreaming type.
PLACE
boat-ride (ride in a boat)
field-work (work in the field)
home-work (work at home)
table talk (talk at the table)
moon walk (walk on the moon)

TIME
daydream (dream during the day)
night flight (fly during the night)

OTHER
gunflight (fight with a gun)
smallpox vaccination (vaccinate against smallpox)
tax-exemption (exempt from tax)
thelephone call (call on the thelephone), etc.
SEARCHLIGHT
Verb  +  adverbial
~ X searches with a light
PLACE
dance hall (dance in a hall)
springboard (spring from a board)
workbench (work at bench)

OTHER
grindstone (grind with a stone)
plaything (play with a thing), etc.

                1.4  Verbaless  Compounds
WINDMILL
Noun +  noun2
~ noun1 [powers / operates] noun2;
~ the wind powers the mill



TOY FACTORY
~ noun +  noun2
~ noun1 [powers / operates] noun2;
the factory produces toys
air-brake
air rifle
cable car
hidrogen bomb
motorcycle
steam engine, etc.

honey – bee
oil well
power plant
silkworm
tear gas
textile mill
water pistol, etc
BLOODSTAIN
noun +  noun2
noun1 [powers / yields] noun2;
~ the blood produces stains
bloodstain
cane sugar
eiderdown
food poisoning
gaslight
hay fever
sawdust
tortoise-shell
water spot
whalebone, etc.
DOORKNOB
noun +  noun2
~ noun[has] noun2
~ the door has a knob
A very productive type.
nounis inanimate. Animate nouns have the –s genitive :
compare the table leg with the boy’s leg.
arrowhead
bedpost
bottleneck (metaphorical)
cartwheel
piano keys
shirt-sleeves
table leg
telephone receiver
television screen
window-pane, etc.
GIRL-FRIEND
noun +  noun2
~ noun[is] noun1
~ the friend is  a girl
nounrefers to a subspecies of the species donated by
animate nouns
drummer boy
killer shark
manservant
pussy-cat
woman writer, etc.
inanimate nouns
blinker light
feeder bus
oak tree
pine tree
tape measure, etc.
DARKROOM
Adjective  +  noun
~ noun [is] adjective
~ the room is dark
blackboard
blueprint
double-talk
dry-dock
handyman
hothouse
longboat
madman, etc.
FROGMAN
noun +  noun2
~ noun2 [is like] noun1
~ the man is like a frog
A very productive type.
butter-bean
catfish
dragonfly
goldfish
kettledrum
sandwich-man
tissue paper
T~square, etc.
SNOWLAKE
noun +  noun2
~ noun2 [is for] noun1
~ the tray is for ash
This highly productive type expresses purpose. It is similar to th swimming pool and searchlight types, which however have sentential analogues with verbs.
birdcage
breakfast time
coffee time
cough drops
cowshed
doghouse
facecloth
fire engine
fish-pond
flowerbed
flypaper
safety belt
tearoom, etc.

Note : The difference beetween teacup ( ~ ’cup for tea’) and cup ot tea (~ ‘ cup containing tea ‘) is paralleled in flowerpot, maatchbox, winebottle, and soup plate, etc.

                1.5  Bahuvrihi  Compounds
PAPERBACK
Is a  ‘bahuvrihi compound’in that it names an entire thing by specifying some feature of it. Thus a paperback is a’book which has a paper back’, an egghead is ‘a person who has a head like an egg’, ie, ‘an intelectual’.
noun  +  noun
birdbrain
blockhead
butterfingers
featherbrain
featherweight
hunchback
pot-belly, etc
adjective  +  noun
bluebell
fathead
hardhat
(‘contruction worker)

hardtop
heavyweight
highbrow
loudmouth
paleface
redcap, etc


2. Adjective Compounds
                2.1  Verb and Object  Compounds
MAN – EATING
Object  +  -ing participle
X eats men
Produvctive type.
Self is a frequent first element.
breathtaking
fact-finding
heart-breaking
life-giving
record-breaking
self-defeating
self-justifying, etc.

                2.2  Verb and Adverbial  Compounds
OCEAN-GOING
Adverbial  +  -ing paticiple
~ X goes across oceans
fist-fighting
law-abiding
lip-sucking
mouth-watering, etc
HEARTFELT
Adverbial  +  -ed participle
~ X  feels it in the library
The type is particulary productive when the noun has agential meaning and consists of self- : self-employed, self-taught.
airbone
custom-built
handmade
home-brewed
home-made
suntanned
thunder-struck
town-bred
weather-beaten, etc.
HARD-WORKING
Adjective / adverb + -ing participle
~ X works hard
easy-going
everlasting
far-reaching
good-looking
high-sounding
well-meaning, etc.
QUICK-FROZEN
Adjective / adverb + -ed participle
~ X is frozen quickly
far-fatched
new-laid
true-born
well-meant
widespread, etc.

Note :
[a] The idiomatic isolation of some compounds of this type is evident in the replacement of lexical items in sentetial analogues, eg : NEW –laid (eggs) ~ X has laid (the eggs) RECENTLY.
[b] The superficially similar adjective compounds well – meant and well-behaved differ in respect of voice : a well-meant remark ~ a remark that is meant well (passive), but a well-behaved person ~a person that behaves well (active).

                2.3  Verbless Compounds

CLASS-CONSCIOUS
Noun (denoting respect) + adjective
~ conscious with respect to class
Very productive type with certain
duty-free
tax-free
dustproof
fireproof
foolproof
Adjectives that are frequently complemented by prep + noun,
e.g :free, proof, sick, light, weary.
airsick
carsick
homesick
air-tight
waterflight
foor-weary
war-weary, etc.
GRASS-GREEN
Noun  +  adjective
     - as adjective as noun
     - adjective like noun
ash-blonde
bottle-green
brick red
midnight blue
ocean green
sea-green, etc.
WEDISH-AMERICAN   (contacts)
Adjective1 + adjective2 in a coordinating relationship
~ (contacts betweenSwedish and American (people)
In many such compounds, the first elements is not a sparate word and has a linking –o-.
bitter-sweet
deaf-mute
phonetic-syntatic
Anglo-American
Franco-German
socio-economic
psycholinguistic, etc.

Note
In compounds used as premodifiers of the word dictionary, the first adjective indicates the language used as the basis for the dictionary. For example, an English French dictionary translates words from English into French.

3. Verb Compounds
                Verb compounds include a BACK-FORMTION like baby-sit, which is formed from baby-sitting and baby-sitter. This process is  a reversal of the normal trend of word – formation, by which a new word is formed by adding rather than subtracting elements; is the vebal nouns singer and singing are taken to be formed from the verb sing. But the name ‘back formation’ draws attention  to  purely historical order of development.

SIGHTSEE
Object  +  verb
~ X sees sights
brain-wash
fire-watch
house-hunt
housekeep
lip-read, etc.
SPRING-CLEAN
Adverbial  +  verb
~ X cleans in the spring
baby-sit
bottle-feed
chain-smoke
day-dream

sleep-walk
spring-clean
whip-lash
window-shop, etc.


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