WORD FORMATION ( Pembentukan Kata )
Bahasa
Inggris, seperti bahasa – bahasa lain (Arab, Indonesia dan lain – lain)
mempunyai banyak sekali kosa kata yang dibentuk dari sebuah kata tertentu atau
merupakan penggabungan dari dua kata atau lebih. Proses seperti ini dinamakan
pembentukan kata (word formation).
Beberapa Aturan Umum dalam Pembentukan
Kata
Dengan Cara Penggabungan (Compound)
1. Noun Compounds
1.1 Subject
and Verb Compounds
SUNRISE
Subject + deverbal noun
~ the sun rises
Very productive type
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bee – sting
catcall
daybreak
earth quake
frostbite
headache
heartbeat
landslide
nightfall
rainfall
sound change
tootache, etc.
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RATTLENSNAKE
Verb + subject
~ the snake rattles
Only weakly productive type
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crybaby
driftwood
drip coffe
flashlight
glowworm
hangman
playboy
popcorn
stinkweed
tugboat
turntable
watchdog, etc.
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DANCING GIRL
Verb noun
in-ing + subject
~ the girl dances
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cleaning woman
firing squad
flying machine
investigating committe
wading bird
washing machine
working party, etc.
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1.2 Verb
and Object Compounds
BLOODTEST
Object + deverbal noun
~X tes’s blood
~ the testing of blood ;
suicide attempt
~ an attempt at suicide
Moderately productive type.
Self is a frequent first element.
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count nouns
book review
crime report
haircut
handshake
suicide attempt
tax cut, etc.
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(primarily)
mass nouns
birth – control
dress – deisgn
meat delivery
office management
steel production
self-control
self-destruction
self-determination, etc.
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SIGHTSEEING
(of App 1.54, man-eating)
~ X object + agential noun in-er
sees sight
~ the seeing of sights
(Number is neutralized in the compound.)
This type is very productive. It consists of
abstract compounds refering to human activity town-planing, etc.
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air conditioning
book-reviewing
book-keeping
brainwashing
dressmaking
faultfinding
housekeeping
letter-writing
oath-taking
story-telling
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TAXPAYER
Object + agential noun in-er
~ X pays tax (es)
Very productive type,wich designates concrete
(usually human) agents.
Note however diswasher, lawn-mower,
penholder, record-player.
Neutralization of number is
normal, of : cigar smoker.
~ X smokes cigars, etc.
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cigar smoker
computer-designer
crime reporter
gamekeeper
gate-crasher
hair-splitter
languange teacher
matchmaker
radio-operator
songwriter
stokholder
window-cleaner, etc.
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CALL GIRL
Verb + object
~ X calls the girl
(-the girls on call)
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drawbridge
knitwear
mincemeat
pin-up girl
punchcard
push-button
scarecrow
treadmill, etc
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CHEWING GUM
Verbal noun in-ing + adverbial
~ X chews gum
~ gum for chewing
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cooking apple
drinking-water
eating apple
reading material
spending money, etc
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1.3 Verb
and Adverbial Compounds
SWIMMING POOL
Verbal noun in-ing + adverbial
(consisting of a
prepositional phrase)
~ X swims in the pool
~ a pool for swmimming
A very productive type.
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PLACE
diving board (dive from a board)
drinking cup (drink out of a cup)
freezing point (freeze at a point)
frying pan (Bre: fry in a pan)
hiding-place (hide in a place)
living room (live in a room)
typing paper (type on paper)
waiting room (wait in a room)
writing desk (write at a desk)
OTHER
adding machine (add with a machine)
baking powder (bake with powder)
carving knife (carve with a knife)
sewing machine (sew with a machine)
walking stick (walk with a stick)
washing machine (wash with machine), etc.
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DAYDREAMING
Adverbial + abstract verbal
noun
in-ing
- X dreams
- dreaming
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PLACE
churchgoing (go to church)
horse riding (ride on a horse)
rope-dancing (dance on a rope)
sun-bathing (bathe in the sun)
TIME
Sleepwalking (walk in one’s sleep)
OTHER
fly-fishing (fish with a fly)
handwriting (write by hand)
shadow-boxing (box against a shadow), etc.
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BABY-SITTER
Adverbial + agential noun in –er
~ X sits with the baby
Moderately productive type
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PLACE
blackswimmer (swim on the black)
city-dweller (dwell in the city)
factory-worker (work in a factory)
housebreaker (break into a house)
playgoer (go to a play)
rope-dancer (dance on a rope)
sun-bather (bathe in the sun)
theatre-goer (go to the theatre)
TIME
daydreamer (dream during the day), etc.
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HOMEWROK
Adverbial + deverbal noun
~ X works at home
Moderately productive type.
Most examples are countables :
boat-rides, etc.
Compare gunfight here with gunfighting, which
is of the daydreaming type.
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PLACE
boat-ride (ride in a boat)
field-work (work in the field)
home-work (work at home)
table talk (talk at the table)
moon walk (walk on the moon)
TIME
daydream (dream during the day)
night flight (fly during the night)
OTHER
gunflight (fight with a gun)
smallpox vaccination (vaccinate against smallpox)
tax-exemption (exempt from tax)
thelephone call (call on the thelephone), etc.
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SEARCHLIGHT
Verb + adverbial
~ X searches with a light
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PLACE
dance hall (dance in a hall)
springboard (spring from a board)
workbench (work at bench)
OTHER
grindstone (grind with a stone)
plaything (play with a thing), etc.
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1.4 Verbaless Compounds
WINDMILL
Noun1 + noun2
~ noun1 [powers / operates] noun2;
~ the wind powers the mill
TOY FACTORY
~ noun1 + noun2
~ noun1 [powers / operates] noun2;
~ the factory produces toys
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air-brake
air rifle
cable car
hidrogen bomb
motorcycle
steam engine, etc.
honey – bee
oil well
power plant
silkworm
tear gas
textile mill
water pistol, etc
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BLOODSTAIN
noun1 + noun2
noun1 [powers / yields] noun2;
~ the blood produces stains
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bloodstain
cane sugar
eiderdown
food poisoning
gaslight
hay fever
sawdust
tortoise-shell
water spot
whalebone, etc.
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DOORKNOB
noun1 + noun2
~ noun1 [has] noun2
~ the door has a knob
A very productive type.
noun1 is inanimate. Animate nouns
have the –s genitive :
compare the table leg with the
boy’s leg.
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arrowhead
bedpost
bottleneck (metaphorical)
cartwheel
piano keys
shirt-sleeves
table leg
telephone receiver
television screen
window-pane, etc.
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GIRL-FRIEND
noun1 + noun2
~ noun2 [is] noun1
~ the friend is a girl
noun1 refers to a subspecies of the
species donated by
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animate nouns
drummer boy
killer shark
manservant
pussy-cat
woman writer, etc.
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inanimate nouns
blinker light
feeder bus
oak tree
pine tree
tape measure, etc.
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DARKROOM
Adjective + noun
~ noun [is] adjective
~ the room is dark
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blackboard
blueprint
double-talk
dry-dock
handyman
hothouse
longboat
madman, etc.
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FROGMAN
noun1 + noun2
~ noun2 [is like] noun1
~ the man is like a frog
A very productive type.
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butter-bean
catfish
dragonfly
goldfish
kettledrum
sandwich-man
tissue paper
T~square, etc.
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SNOWLAKE
noun1 + noun2
~ noun2 [is for] noun1
~ the tray is for ash
This highly productive type expresses purpose. It is
similar to th swimming pool and searchlight types, which
however have sentential analogues with verbs.
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birdcage
breakfast time
coffee time
cough drops
cowshed
doghouse
facecloth
fire engine
fish-pond
flowerbed
flypaper
safety belt
tearoom, etc.
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Note : The difference beetween teacup (
~ ’cup for tea’) and cup ot tea (~ ‘ cup containing tea ‘) is
paralleled in flowerpot, maatchbox, winebottle, and soup
plate, etc.
1.5 Bahuvrihi Compounds
PAPERBACK
Is a ‘bahuvrihi compound’in that it names
an entire thing by specifying some feature of it. Thus a
paperback is a’book which has a paper back’, an
egghead is ‘a person who has a head like an egg’, ie, ‘an
intelectual’.
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noun + noun
birdbrain
blockhead
butterfingers
featherbrain
featherweight
hunchback
pot-belly, etc
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adjective + noun
bluebell
fathead
hardhat
(‘contruction worker)
hardtop
heavyweight
highbrow
loudmouth
paleface
redcap, etc
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2. Adjective Compounds
2.1 Verb
and Object Compounds
MAN – EATING
Object + -ing participle
~ X eats men
Produvctive type.
Self is a frequent first element.
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breathtaking
fact-finding
heart-breaking
life-giving
record-breaking
self-defeating
self-justifying, etc.
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2.2 Verb
and Adverbial Compounds
OCEAN-GOING
Adverbial + -ing paticiple
~ X goes across oceans
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fist-fighting
law-abiding
lip-sucking
mouth-watering, etc
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HEARTFELT
Adverbial + -ed participle
~ X feels it in the library
The type is particulary productive when the noun has agential meaning
and consists of self- : self-employed, self-taught.
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airbone
custom-built
handmade
home-brewed
home-made
suntanned
thunder-struck
town-bred
weather-beaten, etc.
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HARD-WORKING
Adjective / adverb + -ing participle
~ X works hard
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easy-going
everlasting
far-reaching
good-looking
high-sounding
well-meaning, etc.
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QUICK-FROZEN
Adjective / adverb + -ed participle
~ X is frozen quickly
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far-fatched
new-laid
true-born
well-meant
widespread, etc.
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Note :
[a] The idiomatic isolation of some
compounds of this type is evident in the replacement of lexical items in
sentetial analogues, eg : NEW –laid (eggs) ~ X has laid (the
eggs) RECENTLY.
[b] The superficially similar adjective
compounds well – meant and well-behaved differ
in respect of voice : a well-meant remark ~ a remark
that is meant well (passive), but a well-behaved person ~a
person that behaves well (active).
2.3 Verbless
Compounds
CLASS-CONSCIOUS
Noun (denoting respect) + adjective
~ conscious with respect to class
Very productive type with certain
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duty-free
tax-free
dustproof
fireproof
foolproof
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Adjectives that are frequently complemented by prep
+ noun,
e.g :free, proof, sick, light, weary.
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airsick
carsick
homesick
air-tight
waterflight
foor-weary
war-weary, etc.
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GRASS-GREEN
Noun + adjective
- as adjective as noun
- adjective like noun
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ash-blonde
bottle-green
brick red
midnight blue
ocean green
sea-green, etc.
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WEDISH-AMERICAN (contacts)
Adjective1 + adjective2 in a coordinating
relationship
~ (contacts between) Swedish and
American (people)
In many such compounds, the first elements is not a
sparate word and has a linking –o-.
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bitter-sweet
deaf-mute
phonetic-syntatic
Anglo-American
Franco-German
socio-economic
psycholinguistic, etc.
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Note
In compounds used as premodifiers of the
word dictionary, the first adjective indicates the language
used as the basis for the dictionary. For example, an English French
dictionary translates words from English into French.
3. Verb Compounds
Verb
compounds include a BACK-FORMTION like baby-sit, which is formed
from baby-sitting and baby-sitter. This process
is a reversal of the normal trend of word – formation, by which a
new word is formed by adding rather than subtracting elements; is the vebal
nouns singer and singing are taken to be
formed from the verb sing. But the name ‘back formation’ draws
attention to purely historical order of development.
SIGHTSEE
Object + verb
~ X sees sights
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brain-wash
fire-watch
house-hunt
housekeep
lip-read, etc.
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SPRING-CLEAN
Adverbial + verb
~ X cleans in the spring
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baby-sit
bottle-feed
chain-smoke
day-dream
sleep-walk
spring-clean
whip-lash
window-shop, etc.
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Terima kasih telah berkunjung, Semoga
bermanfaat : ).....
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