Kesalahan Penempatan Modifier / Penjelas | Modifier Problems

MODIFIER PROBLEMS (Kesalahan Penempatan Modifier / Penjelas)

                 Terkadang kita sering bingung atau bahkan salah dalam meletakkan sebuah penjelas atau modifier, nah ada caranya lohh. Yuk langsung saja baca dan nambah ilmu ...

    1.  Misplaced Modifiers

                A modifier adalah sekelompok kata yang memberi informasi tambahan (penjelas) kepada kata lain dalam suatu kalimat.

                Modifier harus diletakkan sedekat mungkin dengan kata yang diberi penjelasan. Hal ini sangat penting  untuk diperhatikan, sebab perubahan letak a modifier akan mengubah arti suatu kalimat.

       Perhatikan beberapa contoh berikut :

                e.g ( contoh ) :

1. I told Noura only what I had done.      (I didn’t tell him anything else.) 2.  I told only Noura what I had done.      (I didn’t tell anybody else.) 3. Only I told Noura what I had done.      (Nobody else told Noura.) 4. I told Noura only what I had done.      (No one else did it.)

     Ke-empat kalimat tersebut mempunyai arti yang berbeda karena letak modifier (only) yang berubah – ubah.

     Perhatikan kalimat – kalimat berikut :

     1. I worked for my father, who owns a sawmill, during the summer.

Kata (phrase) during the summer, memberi keterangan terhadap apa ? dalam kalimat tersebut tidak jelas. Maka letaknya harus dipindah, diletakkan sedekat mungkin pada kata yang diterangkan, sehingga menjadi :

        During the summer, I worked for my father, who owns a sawmill.

     2. Fatimah said on her way out she would give the memo to Fahri.

Did Fatimah say it on her way out ? or is she going to deliver the memo on her way out ? 

Untuk menghindari ketidak jelasan, kita dapat memindahkan letak modifier sesuai dengan arti yang kita inginkan

        - On her way out, Fatimah said she would give the memo to Fahri.

        - Fatimah said she would give the memo to Fahri on her way out.

Hati – hatilah dengan kata – kata berikut :

Almost     nearly     just     only     even     hardly     merely     scarcely

Letakkan kata – kata tersebut sebelum kata yang diterangkan olehnya.

    e.g ( contoh ) :

Salah Benar Salah Benar Salah Benar Salah Benar Salah Benar

:  I almost ate the whole thing. :  I ate almost the whole thing. :  She just wants to take one class. :  She wants to take just one class. :  We only have four hours to finish this paper. :  We have only four hours to finish this paper. :  That house nearly cost sixty thousand dollars. :  That house cost nearly sixty thousand dollars. :  She was so quite that hardly he noticed her. :  She was so quite that he hardly noticed her.

          Perhatikan kalimat – kalimat berikut :

       A.     1. Only he said he loved her.

                     (No one else said it.)

                2. He only said he loved her.

                     (He said nothing else.)

                3. He said only he loved her.

                     (No one else loved her.)

                4. He said he only loved her.

                     (Loving her was his sole activity.)

                5. He said he loved only her.

                     (He loved no one else.)

       B.     1. Ali held the cat with a smile.

                    (Who was smiling ? Ali or  the cat ?)

                    - With a smile on his face, li held the cat.

                2. Budi discovered a mushroom walking through the garden.

                    (Who was walking ?)

                    - Walking through the garden, Budi discovered a mushroom.

                3. Last night I went to see my manager in a new skirt.

                    (Who was wearing the new skirt ?)

                    - Last night I put on my new skirt and went to see my manager.

                    (Clearly the speaker was wearing the new skirt.)

    2. Dangling Modifier (Illogical Participal Modifier)

                A dangling modifier terjadi bila tidak ada kata yang tepat yang diberi keterangan (penjelas) oleh modifier daam suatu kalimat, sehingga kalimat tersebut menjadi tidak masuk akal (illogical modifier).

         e.g ( contoh ) :

         1. salah        :  After jumping out of a boat, the shark bit the man.

                                             (We understand that the actual subject of the verb jumping is the man: therefore, immediately after comma, we must mention the man .

                                       benar        : After jumping out of a boat, the man was bitten by a shark.

      Untuk menghindari terjadinya Dangling Modifier, maka subyek dari main clause harus sama dengan subject yang dimaksud dalam introductory phrase; dengan kata lain, the introductory phrase menerangkan subject dari main clauses.

         Perhatikan kaimat – kalimat berikut ini :

    Introductory phrase          main clause

1. Looking at his watch,    Budi got up and left.

                                            Subject

                Who looked at his watch ? Budi

                Who got up and left ? Budi

    Introductory phrase             main clause

2. Compared to his father,   Ali is a tall man.

                                            Subject

                Who is compared to his father ? Ali

                Who is a tall man ? Ali

      Introductory phrase                    main clause

3. To make a collect phone call,  Jono must speak to the operator.

                                                    Subject

                Who is making a collect phone call ? Jono

                Who must speak to the operator ? Jono

         Seringkali introductory phrase didahului oleh preposisi berikut ini :

by       upon       before      after       while

                e.g :

                1. After eating dinner, she cleaned the table.

                2. By working ten hours a day for five days, we can have a long weekend.

                3. While reviewing for the test, Fatimah  realized that she had forgotten to return her books.

                                Jika introductory phrase berupa (verb + ing) ,maka waktu (tense) dari kalimat ditentukan oleh tense dari kata kerja dalam main clause, dua kejadian (peristiwa) biasanya terjadi secara bersama – sama.

               

( preposition )   +   ( noun )   +  ( verb  +  ing ).....   +  noun   +   verb

                e.g ( contoh ) :

                Present  :   Practicing her swing every day, Umar hopes to get a job as a golf instructor.

                Past        :   Having a terrible toothache, Jono called the dentist for an appointment.

                Future   :   Finishing the letter tonight, Ani will mail it tomorrow morning.

                Bentuk Perfect (having + past participle) digunakan untuk menunjukkan bahwa tindakan (kejadian) pada introductory phrase dilakukan (terjadi) sebelum tindakan (kejadian) pada main clause.

( not )    +    having   +    past   participle .....   +    noun   +    verb

               e.g ( contoh ) :

                1. Having finished their supper, the boys went out to play.

                    (After the boys had finished supper, ............)

                2. Having written his composition, Ali handed it to her teacher.

                    (After Ali had written ...............)

                3. Not having read the book, she could not answer the question.

                    (Because she had not read the book............)

                     Introductory Phrase (participal phrase) juga dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan gagasan dalam bentuk pasif.

( not )   +   having  been   +   ( past participle ) .....  +   noun   +   verb .....

                e.g ( contoh ) :

                1. Having been notified by the court, Elisa reported for jury duty.

                     (After Elisa had been notified, ........ )

                2. Having been delayed by the snowstorm, Rudi and I missed our connecting flight.

                     (After we had been delayed, ......... )

                3. Not having been notified of the change in meeting times, Ali arrived late.

                     (Because he had not been notified, ...............)

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